was sind hb werte — what are common causes?

Hemoglobin (Hb) is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. Normal Hb levels are approximately 13.5–17.5 g/dL for men and 12.0–15.5 g/dL for women (ranges vary slightly by lab). Low Hb (anemia) can result from iron, vitamin B12, or folate deficiency; chronic disease; blood loss; or genetic disorders like thalassemia. High Hb may be due to dehydration, smoking, lung disease, or adaptation to high altitude, as well as polycythemia vera, a bone marrow disorder. The provided context does not contain specific information on Hb values; it covers celiac disease, vitamin E, selenium, and genetic testing. Therefore, this answer is based on general medical knowledge and not on the cited sources. For personalized assessment, consult a healthcare provider.