How are Testosteron and Allergie related?

The relationship between testosterone and allergies is complex and not fully understood. Testosterone has immunomodulatory properties: it can dampen Th2 cell activity, which is involved in allergic reactions, potentially reducing allergy risk. Some observational studies suggest that men with higher testosterone levels have lower rates of asthma or hay fever. However, other studies show no clear association or even opposite effects. The evidence is moderate, based mainly on epidemiological data and animal models. Causal conclusions are not possible, as allergies are multifactorial (genetics, environment, microbiome). No direct recommendations for testosterone testing or therapy for allergies can be derived. Consumer DNA tests implying such a link are not scientifically validated.