What role does HDL play in gut health?

The role of HDL (high-density lipoprotein) in gut health is not yet well-established in human research. HDL is best known for reverse cholesterol transport and anti-inflammatory effects. Emerging evidence, mostly from mechanistic and animal studies, suggests that HDL may modulate gut microbiota composition, reduce intestinal inflammation, and strengthen the gut barrier. For example, HDL can bind and neutralize bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), potentially lowering systemic inflammation. However, large-scale human trials confirming a causal or clinically meaningful impact on gut health are lacking. The provided knowledge context does not address HDL and gut health directly. Therefore, the evidence level is mechanistic/unclear. Safety note: HDL levels are influenced by lifestyle (exercise, diet, smoking) and genetics. Attempts to raise HDL with supplements (e.g., niacin) have not shown consistent benefits for gut or cardiovascular outcomes. A diet rich in unsaturated fats, fiber, and regular physical activity remain the evidence-based approaches to support both HDL function and gut health.