How are Helicobacter and Fruchtbarkeit related?

The relationship between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and fertility is an area of active research, but the evidence is moderate and not conclusive. H. pylori is a bacterium that colonizes the stomach lining and can cause gastritis, ulcers, and increased gastric cancer risk. Some studies suggest that chronic H. pylori infection may impair fertility – possibly through impaired nutrient absorption (iron, vitamin B12, folate), systemic inflammation, or direct immunological effects on reproductive organs. In women, associations with endometriosis and miscarriage have been discussed; in men, with reduced sperm quality. However, effect sizes are generally small, and many studies have methodological limitations. A causal mechanism has not been definitively established. Direct-to-consumer DNA tests that claim such a link often overstate clinical relevance. An H. pylori breath or stool test is more reliable than genetic markers. For couples with unexplained infertility and gastrointestinal symptoms, H. pylori eradication may be considered, but not as a standard intervention. Overall evidence grade is 'human-moderate'.