How are Cortisol and Sport related?

The relationship between cortisol and sport is complex and widely discussed in sports science. Cortisol, as a key stress hormone, is released during intense physical exertion and has both short-term performance-enhancing and long-term catabolic effects. Acutely, it mobilizes energy stores and suppresses inflammation, which can be beneficial during competition. Chronically elevated levels—due to overtraining, sleep deprivation, or psychological stress—may promote muscle breakdown, immunosuppression, and impaired recovery. Individual cortisol responses are influenced by genetic factors (e.g., COMT variants), training status, and nutrition. However, the provided context does not contain specific studies or data on cortisol and sport. The statements are therefore based on general physiological knowledge, not on the given sources. An evidence-based assessment is not possible without direct references. For personalized recommendations, additional biomarkers such as the cortisol awakening response or diurnal salivary cortisol profiles should be considered.