was sind kohlenhydrate — what symptoms are typical?

Carbohydrates are macronutrients that serve as the body's primary energy source. Typical symptoms of carbohydrate deficiency (e.g., on very low-carb diets) include fatigue, brain fog, irritability, and during the initial phase of a ketogenic diet, the so-called 'keto flu' with headache, nausea, and reduced performance. Long-term inadequate intake may impair thyroid function and hormonal balance. Conversely, an excess of rapidly digestible carbohydrates (especially sugar and refined flour) often causes blood glucose spikes followed by crashes, leading to cravings, tiredness, and difficulty concentrating. Chronic overconsumption is linked to weight gain, insulin resistance, and increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Individual tolerance varies – genetic factors (e.g., variants in AMY1 or TAS1R3) can influence carbohydrate metabolism but are not decisive alone. The evidence for these relationships is human-strong, based on established nutritional physiology and clinical studies. Note: Extreme dietary changes should be medically supervised; symptoms are non-specific and may have other causes.