Which lifestyle factors change AMH?

AMH (Anti-Müllerian hormone) is a biomarker of ovarian reserve. Lifestyle factors can influence AMH levels, but the evidence is mixed. The strongest and most consistent finding is that smoking reduces AMH by 20–30% on average. Obesity, especially with high BMI, is associated with moderately lower AMH, likely via insulin resistance and inflammation. Chronic stress and poor sleep may impair ovarian function through the HPA axis, but direct effects on AMH are less clear. Diet (e.g., Mediterranean pattern, vitamin D) and exercise show suggestive but not conclusive associations. Importantly, AMH declines naturally with age; lifestyle changes can only modestly modulate this trajectory. Individual variation is large, and genetics play a major role. For fertility planning or abnormal results, always consult a specialist.