Protein digestion starts in the stomach: gastric acid denatures proteins, and pepsin cleaves them into smaller peptides. In the small intestine, the pancreas releases trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases, which further break down peptides into amino acids and di-/tripeptides for absorption. Common causes of impaired protein digestion include: low stomach acid (e.g., from proton pump inhibitors or aging), exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (e.g., chronic pancreatitis), celiac disease, or other gut disorders that reduce enzyme activity or absorption. Genetic variants in digestive enzymes (e.g., trypsinogen) are rare but possible contributors. The evidence for these mechanisms is based on established physiology and clinical knowledge, not on the provided context. Therefore, the evidence level is mechanistic. Caveat: Persistent digestive symptoms should be evaluated by a physician; do not rely solely on genetic or self-test results for diagnosis or treatment.
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